Mandalay or Mandale: The capital of Upper Burma, founded in 1860. The usual etymology is from the Pali mandala, a "flat plain," but, according to Colonel Yule, the name was that of an isolated conical hill rising high above the alluvial plain of the Irawadi, and crowned by a gilt pagoda. The name of the hill represents, he thinks, that of the sacred mountain called Mandara, which in the Hindu mythology served the gods as a churning-staff at the churning of the sea.

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