Jaundice

Jaundice is the term applied to the condition in which the colouring matter of the bile circulates with the blood, and is deposited in the tissues instead of being removed from the body by way of the alimentary canal. Though non-elimination of colouring matter is the striking visible sign, the symptoms of jaundice are probably due to the retention within the system of other constituents of the bile. In determining the existence of jaundice, it is important to note whether the conjunctive ae are discoloured, as, in several maladies which simulate the disease, the conjunctival mucous membrane is not affected. Again, in jaundice there is an alteration in the colour of the discharges from the lower bowel, while there is, on the other hand, an increased amount of pigment in the urine. In some cases of jaundice there is obvious obstruction to the passage of the bile from the bile duct into the duodenum; as, for example, by a calculus, or by pressure from abnormal growth in parts surrounding the duct. In the case'of what is known as catarrhal jaundice, it is assumed that inflammation of the mucous membrane of the duct leads to obstruction to the flow of bile through it As there is some doubt as to the existence of this inflammatory condition in all cases, it is better to employ the term simple jaundice in such instances. Jaundice is produced by certain poisons, notably phosphorus; it also occurs in some forms of acute disease, and is a characteristic symptom in yellow fever. It may be produced by disorganisation of the substance of the liver, and by interference with the circulation of blood through it, such as occur in the various hepatic disorders. Lastly, what is known as malignant jaundice should be especially alluded to. This malady is sometimes spoken of as acute yellow atrophy of the liver, and in it the symptoms rapidly assume a serious character, with grave cerebral 'disturbance, and death usually occurs within a week. In simple jaundice, which is the most common form in which jaundice presents itself, the symptom subsides in the course of a few weeks, and it seldom calls for special treatment beyond the regulation of the digestive functions.